Keshav Jain

Keshav Jain

Why don’t cuts on our fingers affect our fingerprints?

 

            Usually a person’s fingerprints do not change during the lifetime. Minor and superficial cuts that he’ll do not affect the pattern formed by the ridges that cover the skin of the fingertips. Ridges are the impressions which make fingerprints. However, extensive or deep wounds, severe burns, surgery or disease may destroy these ridges and lead to a change in fingerprint patterns. Deep wounds damage the underlying dermis of the skin and healing often leads to scar formation. Since scar tissue does not                                                                                 show secondary modifications such as hair, it does                                                                                  not show the ridge pattern either. However, these are                                                                             extremely unlikely events and usually fingerprints                                                                                  are for life.

                                    

What are the different types of handshakes?

            When you meet another person, or are introduced to him, it is polite to say ‘Namaste’ with folded hands, or extend your hand for a handshake. The handshake is the universal form of greeting in the West. However, even this simple gesture varies from country to country.

            The American style handshake has a firm grip along with two quick pumps, eye contact and a smile. Variations in handshakes are based on cultural differences, not on personality or values. The Japanese give a light handshake. Germans offer a firm handshake with one pump, and the French grip is light with a quick pump. Middle Eastern people will continue shaking your hand throughout the greeting. Don’t be surprised if you are occasionally met with a kiss, a hug, or a bow somewhere along the way!

Why don’t we feel pain when cutting hair/nails?

            Pain is felt only when a nerve end is stimulated by a cut or injury.

Since hair and nails do not have nerve endings, cutting them does not produce pain. However, cells at the base of a nail and hair are living cells and have nerve endings.

So, if a nail is cut from the base or if a hair is plucked off, pain is felt.

Why are transplanted organs rejected?

 Transplanted organs are rejected because of the presence of special protein molecules present in the body of every individual. Called antibodies, these molecules can easily recognize a foreign body by a substance called antigens produced by the later.

  As the organ to be transplanted is obtained from another individual, it may contain several antigens not found in the patient. So, when transplanted, the patients’ body makes antibodies to fight the foreign antigens present in the transplanted organ. In this process, the donor organ is destroyed or simply rejected. Chances of rejection can be reduced by tissue matching as in case of blood transfusion or by using an organ from a sibling or from a close relative of the patient. Also, drugs given after the transplantation help in suppressing the body’s protective response and thus prevent rejection.

Why do baby teeth fall out?

Baby teeth or milk teeth fall out to accommodate the full complement 32 teeth in the growing
jaw bone. The bigger, permanent teeth develop to fill the available space.

            There are 20 milk teeth which start appearing from six to eight months after birth and are all out by the time a child is about two and half years old. As the child grows up, the jaw bone grows in size accommodating the larger and more numerous permanent teeth. The permanent teeth actually begin to develop inside the gums as soon as the milk teeth appear. As a permanent tooth grows, it cuts away the root of the milk tooth. Thus, a milk tooth falls. The falling of milk teeth begins with the growth of the first permanent molar at the age of about six.

 

Why doesn’t the stomach digest itself?

            The stomach is a muscular bag-like organ that digests food with strong acids contained in gastric juices produced by glands in the stomach lining. To protect itself from being digested along with the food, the stomach lining is coated with a thick layer of mucous produced by mucous cells. This mildly alkaline mucous secretion protects the stomach against the acidic digestive juices.

            If the stomach lining is damaged, the stomach sheds off the cells which are quickly replaced with new ones. In severe cases where the protective mucous secretions are inadequate, the stomach lining gets damaged resulting in a painful stomach ulcer.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Why do clothes look dark when immersed in water?

The colour of an object is determined by the  spectral composition of the light reflected by it.My Science School

When a surface is dry, the reflected light rays corresponding to the colour of the surface

are superposed with diffused white light arising out of random scattering resulting from

the roughness and irregularities of the surface. In the case of clothes, this superposition tends to fade the reelected colour. 

If clothes are immersed in water, all the kinks and interspaces are filled with

water. This minimises scattering of light on the surface. So the reflected light

comes out unsuppressed with the basic hue of the cloth. Hence it looks richer

and darker than when dry.

 

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Why is TFM mentioned on soap wrappers?

TFM is the abbreviated form of ‘Total Fat Matter’ in a soap. According to theMy Science School

provisions of the Drugs and Cosmetic Rules, in all  toilet soaps, the TFM content 

has to be mentioned in terms of percentage on the wrapper of the product apart from the other details required under the rules. 

The standard fixed by the Bureau of Indian Standard (formerly I.S.I.), the ideal and safe percentage of TFM in any toiletary  preparation should be between 60 and 80 per cent. 

However, having been unsure of the standard, even many, of the reputed soap  manufacturers have omitted ‘toilet soap’ from their name and simply state ‘bathing bar’. Similarly shaving soaps are marketed as showing  creams without mention of TFM content.

What does the term “vacuum evaporated” printed on iodised salt packets mean?

Water boils at 100° C at sea level. The atmospheric pressure which actsMy Science School on water is 14.7 psia (pounds per square inch – absolute). This atmospheric pressure varies with the altitude. So the boiling point of water is influenced with respect to the atmospheric pressure. Perfect vacuum is ‘O’ psia. Any pressure between 14.7 psia and o-psia is ‘negtive pressure’, that is, partial vacuum. Vacuum drying takes advantage of the decrease in the boiling point of water that occurs as the pressure is lowered. This type of drying keeps the products with very low moisture content. If salt water is subjected to this negative pressure, the water will boil by taking the heat from the  ambient. In case of reducing atmospheric pressure, i.e. 14.7 psia to 0.15 psia, water will start boiling at 7°C itself.

Freeze drying, convection  drying, microwave drying, dielectric drying, conduction drying, U-V radiation drying, etc, are some other drying methods applied in various  industries such as textile, plywood manufacturing, paper products, production of dried milk, soaps, detergents, pharmaceuticals, serums,  bacterial and viral cultures, vaccines, fruit juices, vegetables, coffee and tea extracts, sea foods, meats, cereals etc.

What is food poisoning?

Answer 1- Food poisoning is caused either by ingestion of food contaminated with chemical ormetallic poisons, My science Schoolbacteria orbacterial toxins or by eating poisonous foods such as certain species of mushrooms.Molds and bacteria are responsible for microbial food poisoning. Molds grow on food (especially if they are moist). During their growing period they produce toxic substances called mycotoxins whose effect on man and animals cause mycotoxicosis. Mycatoxins remain the the food long after the mold producing them has died and can therefore be present in foods that are not visibly moldy. Some mycotoxins are stable and survive the usual conditions of cooking and processing.

 Food grains, especially bajra, rye and jowar get infected with a parasitic ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea. Ergotism, a toxicosis results from eating grains contaminated with this fungus. Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA) is another mycotoxicosis caused due to eating moldy grains

 

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