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What important events happened in technology in 2022?

TECHNOLOGY: Though the year 2022 saw the routine rounds of gadget launches-from upgraded cellphones to smart watches, the big surprise came in the form of some tech-related news that made it to the front pages. Remember Elon Musk turning chief twit, mass global lay-offs by companies, an Al tool that mimics the human brain, and the crypto collapse?

1. 5G, finally!

Prime Minister Narendra Modi officially announced the launch of the first phase of 5G services in 13 cities across the country, at the India Mobile Congress event in New Delhi, in October 2022. 5G is the fifth-generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks. "5G technology will provide seamless coverage, high data rate, low latency and highly reliable communications. It will increase energy efficiency, spectrum efficiency and network efficiency," he tweeted. The cumulative economic impact of 5G on the country is expected to touch $450 billion by 2035. The 5G coverage will progressively cover the entire country over the next couple of years.

2. Fried!

Sam Bankman-Fried's crypto empire collapsed in November 2022. The reason – a run-on deposit that left his crypto exchange FTX with a shortfall of $8 billion. This forced FTX to file for bankruptcy, and the company struggled to raise money to stall its collapse as traders rushed to withdraw $6 billion in less than 72 hours! Fried was arrested in the Bahamas after being criminally charged by the U.S. prosecutors. The shocking end to the successful FTX story had a rippling effect across the already shaken crypto industry, destabilising other companies and spreading distrust among the public about the technology.

3. Did it sink in?

Elon Musk dominated the headlines by first announcing his bid to buy Twitter and then backing out. Eventually, the Tesla and Spacex chief was forced to honour the agreement, and he took over the microblogging platform in October 2022 for $44 billion. Top executives left the company or were fired. Twitter also made mass global lay-offs. But confusion prevailed on the site. He courted controversy by reinstating Donald Trump's account, introducing paid blue ticks, and banning some journalists from the site. After conducting a poll on whether he must step down as Twitter CEO, in true Musk style, he said he'll do so when he finds "someone foolish enough to take the job".

4. ChatGPT

It answers the most complicated questions, writes sonnets, creates computer codes, and even comes up with interesting menus! Welcome to the world of Generative Pre-trained Transformer, ChatGPT for short. Launched by the American firm OpenAl in November 2022, the Al tool is today used by millions to generate a variety of content- all in a few seconds or minutes! ChatGPT isn't without flaws. Biases in certain communications have already been reported. It robs us of the creative process – particularly in communication. Can it replace human ingenuity? The verdict isn't out yet, but enthusiastic folks are already having a lot of fun with this chatbot that's said to mimic the human brain.

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What important event happened in sports in 2022?

SPORTS: What with a number of world cups being held across different sports, there was no dearth of action in 2022. While the T20 World Cup that concluded in November and the FIFA World Cup that saw a thrilling climax in December were easily the biggest highlights of the year, there was plenty more on show, both on and off the field. Indians too had plenty to celebrate in the sporting arena as our stars sizzled in different disciplines. Here's a quick wrap of all the big sporting news from the year that went by…

1. Djokovic's deportation

The first big sports news of 2022 didn't even take place in a sporting arena. Serbian tennis star Novak Djokovic's vaccination status (he isn't vaccinated for COVID-19) remained a point of contention throughout the year and it started in January 2022 itself. Djokovic was deported from Australia before the start of the Australian Open and was banned from travelling to the country (a ban that has since been lifted).

Despite all the off-field drama, the Australian Open saw Ashleigh Barty end the country's 44-year wait for a home winner by clinching the women's section, while Rafael Nadal won a record 21st Grand Slam men's title.

2. IPL franchises splurge on players

When India's wicketkeeper-batter Ishan Kishan was snapped for a whopping 15.25 crore during the IPL full auction in February 2022, he became the second most expensive Indian to have ever been bought at the auctions, behind only the 16 crore spent on Yuvraj Singh in 2015.

In the mini auction that was held in December, England's Sam Curran, Australia's Cameron Green, and England's Ben Stokes all matched or broke the record for the most expensive bids at IPL auctions (Chris Morris 16.25 crore). Curran's Rs. 18.50 crore, in fact, makes him the most expensive player in IPL history, even more than what is offered to retained players.

3. The King of Spin is no more

The fourth of March was a difficult day for Australian cricket in 2022. While veteran wicketkeeper Rod Marsh died aged 74 eight days after suffering a heart attack, spin legend Shane Warne died of a suspected heart attack aged 52. Warne, often hailed as the King of Spin, was not only a great cricketer, but also a brilliant showman. The leg spinner is the second-most highest wicket-taker of all time in Test cricket, with 708 wickets to his name. Australia kept their emotions in check to claim a 1-0 series win against Pakistan later in the same month, their first series in Pakistan in almost 25 years.

4. Pallikal makes the mother of all comebacks

Dipika Pallikal Karthik and Dinesh Karthik gave birth to twins in October 2021. Less than six months after becoming mother to the two newborns, the squash star did the unthinkable, claiming two golds at the World Doubles Championships in April 2022.

Playing her first competitive event since October 2018, she first clinched the mixed doubles by teaming up with Saurav Ghosal. Just an hour and a half after winning the mixed doubles final with Ghosal, she teamed up with long-time teammate Joshna Chinappa (left) to triumph in the women's doubles final as well.

5. Zareen boxes her way to gold

Indian boxer Nikhat Zareen joined elite company by winning gold at the Women's World Boxing Championships at Istanbul in May 2022. She became just the fifth Indian woman to achieve the feat, following in the footsteps of six-time champion Mary Kom, Sarita Devi, Jenny R.L and Lekha K.C

Zareen clinched India's first world title since 2018 by defeating Thailand's Jutamas Jitpong 5-0 in the final. While India finished the event with a gold and two bronze medals, it took their overall tally in the history of the competition to 10 gold, eight silver, and 21 bronze medals.

6. India wins Thomas Cup for first time

Until 2022, India had never won the Thomas Cup, the premier team competition in men's badminton. That changed in May when India stunned 14-time champion Indonesia 3-0 in the final. After Lakshya Sen gave India a 1-0 lead by defeating Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty made it 2-0 by beating Mohammad Ahsan and Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo in the doubles encounter. Kidambi Srikanth then ensured that India scripted history when he got the better of Jonatan Christie in the second singles encounter. For the first time since the tournament's inception in 1949, India were on top of the world.

7. Real Madrid continue their winning ways

In April 2022, Real Madrid secured a record-extending 35th La Liga title with four matches to spare. With that, their coach Carlo Ancelotti became the first manager ever to steer his sides to victory in each of the top five European Leagues (England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain).

Less than a month later, Real were at it again in May, this time claiming a record-extending 14th Champions League title by defeating Liverpool 1-0 in the final.

Real's French forward Karim Benzema had been the star of their show for much of the season, earning him the prestigious Ballon d'Or award in October.

8. Nadal takes his tally to 22

There is no doubt that Rafael Nadal has forever etched his name in the clay courts of the French Open. He won it for a record-extending 14th time in June 2022, by defeating Norwegian Casper Ruud in the final. With that he won his 22nd grand slam men's singles title and extended his lead at the top-two more than what Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic had at the time.

Even though 2022 was marred by off-field drama for Djokovic, and despite the fact that he had to miss both the Australian Open and the US Open, he notched up his 21st title when he won his seventh Wimbledon title in July.

9. Warriors make it four out of eight

After the heady heights achieved in the last decade, many believed that the Golden State Warriors had fallen off the top and there were even murmurs that the franchise were a shadow of their past when they failed to make it to the NBA play-offs for two consecutive seasons. They bounced back in style in the 2021-22 season, clinching the title for a fourth time in eight seasons in June 2022.

Despite finishing last in the 2019-20 season, they continued with their strategy of holding onto star players while grooming young ones. After clinching the Western Conference, they defeated the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals 4-2 for the title.

10. Neeraj Chopra continues to make history

Indian athletics' poster boy Neeraj Chopra rewrote history again and again. It began at the World Athletics Championships in July 2022, when he clinched silver in men's javelin throw with a best of 88.13 m. With that, he became the first Indian to clinch a silver at the worlds, and the second Indian after Anju Bobby George to medal at the worlds.

He scripted history again in August by becoming the first Indian to clinch a Diamond League meet title by winning the Lausanne leg and qualifying for the final. Things got better in September when he won the final at Zurich, becoming the first Indian to win a Diamond League title.

11. Indians shine at the Commonwealth Games

At about the same time when Chennai was hosting the Chess Olympiad, the Commonwealth Games took place in Birmingham. India competed at the event that took place in July-August

 

2022, and finished fourth in the medals tally with 22 gold, 16 silver and 23 bronze medals. Indian wrestlers were on top of their game as the sport provided for maximum golds (6) and maximum medals (12) at the event. While weightlifters accounted for 10 medals, athletes won eight, paddlers and boxers won seven, and the badminton players won six medals. Star paddler Sharath Kamal was India's most successful player at the Games, clinching three golds and a silver in table tennis events.

12. Chennai hosts the Chess Olympiad

The Chess Olympiad came to India for the first time as Chennai hosted the 44th Chess Olympiad in July-August 2022. With a knight clad in traditional attire serving as the mascot, and roads and bridges turning into chess boards, everything was done to catch the public attention.

The event was a success with more than 1500 participants representing over 180 countries competing in the Open and Women's events. Uzbekistan clinched gold in the Open category, while war-torn Ukraine won top honours in the Women's event. India had more reason to celebrate as it won the prestigious Gaprindashvili Cup awarded to the team with the best combined performance in the Open and Women's tournaments.

13. Satwik-Chirag medal at the worlds

Having contributed to India's maiden Thomas Cup triumph and having won gold at the Commonwealth Games, Indian men's doubles badminton duo Satviksairaj Rankireddy and Chirag Shetty were brimming with confidence. They make it count where it mattered as they became the first Indian pair to win a medal in the men's doubles event at the World Badminton Championships in Tokyo in August 2022. They lost to Malaysia's Aaron Chia and Soh Wool Yk in the semi-final and settled for bronze. Satvik Chirag also became the first Indian doubles pair to win a BWF Super 750 tournament when they won the men's double crown at the French Open Super 750 event in October.

14. Federer announces his retirement

Shortly after tennis legend Serena Williams announced that she would be evolving away from tennis in August 2022, tennis fans had to endure another bombshell when Roger Federer announced his retirement in September. Just days after Spaniard Carlos Alcaraz had won the US Opens to become the youngest-ever men's world number one at the age of 19, Federer announced his decision to retire from tennis after Laver Cup on social media.

The 41-year-old, who has won 20 men's single grand slam titles, is seen by many as the greatest to have ever played the game. Federer ended his retirement announcement saying, "Finally, to the game of tennis: I love you and will never leave you."

15. Verstappen breaks record for most wins in a season

Dutch driver Max Verstappen not only defended his F1 title in 2022, but did it in style. He clinched the title after winning the Japanese Grand Prix in October 2022. With four races still remaining at that point, there was more to come from Verstappen.

Verstappen won three of those four races in the US Grand Prix, Mexico City Grand Prix and the season finale at Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. When he won the race in Mexico, he broke the record for most wins in a single season held previously by Michael Schumacher (2004) and Sebastian Vettel (2013). He added another win at Abu Dhabi for good measure, finishing the season with a record 15 race victories.

16. England are the white ball champions

Every cricketing country in the world played a lot of T20 cricket in 2022 as they built form towards the T20 World Cup held in Australia in October-November 2022.

Barring a loss to Ireland by Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method in a rain-curtailed game, England were undefeated throughout the tournament. After thumping India by 10 wickets in the semi-final, England then defeated Pakistan in the final by five wickets to lift the T20 World Cup for a second time.

Already possessing the ODI World Cup following their victory in 2019, England became the first team in history to hold both the ODI World Cup and T20 World Cup at the same time.

17. Messi is finally a World Cup winner

Despite the controversy surrounding the 2022 FIFA World Cup during its build-up, Qatar delivered one of the finest tournaments in recent history in November-December 2022. The fact that Lionel Messi's Argentina came out on top seemed to many like the perfect icing on the cake.

Argentina got off to a nightmare start, losing to Saudi Arabia. They put that behind them and kept moving forward, with their talisman Messi leading from the front. The final against France was a spectacle as Messi and Kylian Mbappe put on a show in a 3-3 draw. Argentina came out on top in the penalties to lift the World Cup for a third time.

18. A shocking end to 2022

Just as an off-field event had kick-started the year, it was events off the field that left the sporting world in disbelief in December 2022.

On December 29, Brazilian football legend Pele passed away aged 82, plunging the football world into sadness. One of the greatest footballers of all time, Pele was a giant in the sporting world in the 20th Century.

Just a day later, cricketing fans were in for a rude shock as Indian wicketkeeper-batter Rishabh Pant met with a car accident. Owing to injuries in his leg and head, Pant is expected to be out of action for months, and maybe even a year.

Events that almost made it to our list

Mohammad Arif Khan became the first Kashmiri Olympian and the first Indian to participate in two events at the Winter Olympics in February.

Australian women won a record-extending seventh Women's World Cup title when they won the ODI tournament held in New Zealand in March-April.

Indian women's cricket team lost a couple of stalwarts as batter Mithali Raj (left) called time on her international career in June while pacer Jhulan Goswami (right) bid her farewell with a fairytale finish in September.

With four golds at the FINA World Championships in Budapest in June-July, American swimmer Katie Ledecky took her overall tally to 19, second only to Michael Phelps' 26.

Vinesh Phogat and Bajrang Punia won bronze at the World Wrestling Championships in September. While Phogat became the first Indian woman to win two medals at the worlds, Punia took his tally to four.

Spain defended their FIFA U17 Women's World Cup in October in a tournament held in India.

Maharashtra's Ruturaj Gaikwad struck a world record seven 6s in an over in a Vijay Hazare quarter-final game against Uttar Pradesh in November.

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Who was Elizabeth Fry?

Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845) was an English prison reformer of the Victorian era. In 1812, she visited Newgate prison in London which housed men as well as women prisoners. The prisons were overcrowded and filthy, and Fry was shocked to see the conditions in which prisoners lived. She then committed the rest of her life to prison reform.

Fry gave practical solutions to improve the conditions of prisoners, such as bringing food and clean clothes for them. She spent nights in various prisons to understand what it was like to live there. Fry believed that it was important to encourage prisoners to develop a sense of self-respect, as this would help them to reform.

Fry founded the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate in 1817, which was one of the first nationwide women’s organisations in Britain. (This association helped female prisoners to adapt to society after their release from jail.) She also started a night shelter for homeless people after she saw a young boy lying dead on the streets.

Fry’s books include “Prisons in Scotland and the North of England” (1819) and “Observations on the Visiting, Superintendence and Government of Female Prisoners” (1827). The Home Office Minister of the time, Robert Peel, admired Fry’s work and he passed the Gaol Act in 1823, which improved prison conditions in London to an extent.

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Who was Maria Montessori?

It was Italian physician and educator Maria Montessori who pioneered the Montessori method of teaching for children.

For over a hundred years, the Montessori Method has been a favoured way of shaping the first learning experiences of young children. And it is all because of the efforts of a pioneering Italian educator, Maria Montessori (1870-1952).

A bright student, Maria had wanted to study medicine but was rejected by the University of Rome because of her gender. It was only after she earned a degree in natural sciences and a recommendation from the Pope that she was grudgingly given admission. During the course, she was not allowed to attend the anatomy class with the other students as it was deemed inappropriate for a woman to see a naked body in the presence of men. So she had to practise her dissections of bodies alone, after class hours.

Nevertheless, she graduated with flying colours, becoming one of the earliest Italian women to receive a medical degree in 1896.

Maria began her career by working with children in mental asylums. She devised new educational methods for them, which were so successful that her students passed the examinations meant for normal children!

In 1907, she opened Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House) in a slum in Rome, her first chance to see if her methods worked on normal children. She believed that children learned best through doing. She encouraged them to use their five senses to explore their surroundings while playing. She gave them special toys and lessons to develop their innate creativity and imagination.

Maria found that children learned to write before they learned to read. Once, in a class of children who had begun to write a little, she wrote on the blackboard. If you can read this, come up and give me a kiss and waited. Many days passed and then a little girl suddenly went up to her and said, “Here I am!” and kissed her. The children in her schools learnt to read and write by the time they were five years old.

Today Montessori education is followed in over 25,000 schools in more than 140 countries.

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Who was Maria Mitchell?

The astronomer is best known for her discovery of a comet, which later came to be known as ‘Miss Mitchell’s Comet.

Maria Mitchell was the first professional female astronomer in the United States. She is best known for her discovery of a comet, which later came to be known as ‘Miss Mitchell’s Comet

Maria Mitchell was born in 1818 in Nantucket, Massachusetts. Her father was a school principal and an amateur astronomer who helped her develop interest in science and astronomy at an early age. Maria would spend hours observing the night sky through a telescope and help her father in such calculations as predicting annual eclipses. Through her jobs as a teacher and later as a librarian, Maria Mitchell kept her passion for astronomy alive. Her success in establishing the orbit of a new comet in 1847 gained her international repute. She received a gold medal from the King of Denmark for this discovery.

Later, she took up a job as professor of astronomy at Vassar College in New York. Mitchell and her students continuously tracked and photographed sunspots. She was the first to find that sunspots were whirling vertical cavities and not clouds, as had been earlier believed. In 1882, she documented Venus traversing the sun-one of the rarest planetary alignments known to man.

Maria Mitchell was also a well-known proponent of equal rights-she fought relentlessly for women as well as for blacks. The school that she started admitted black children at a time when segregation was common in the US. At Vassar College, she demanded and got equal pay when she realised that her junior male colleagues were paid more.

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Who was Mary Anning?

Mary Anning was responsible for unearthing a stunning array of prehistoric fossils in the 19th Century. Her discoveries radically changed the way scientists thought about the history of Earth.

Mary Anning was a fossil collector who made some of the most significant geological discoveries at a time when not much was known about the evolution of Earth and life on it.

Mary was bom in England in 1799 in the sea-side town of Lyme Regis. Mary could hardly attend school as her family was very poor. However, she not only taught herself to read and write but also learned about rocks, soil, anatomy of animals, etc. As a child, she would often go to the seashore with her father to collect shells. Mary learnt fossil hunting and cleaning from her father. After her father’s death, she began exploring the rocky hill-ridges along the shore. She had a good eye for the fossils and braved the merciless rocky terrain to unearth a stunning array of prehistoric fossils. The family made a living by selling the ‘curiosities’ found along the seashore.

Along with her brother, Mary discovered the first complete fossil of ichthyosaurus or fish lizard when she was just 11. Some of her important discoveries include fossils of two giant sea reptiles or plesiosaurs, a flying reptile (pterosaur) and some prehistoric fishes. Mary also discovered that ink from belemnites (squid-like prehistoric creature) can be ground up and used for painting.

Mary Anning soon became famous and was considered an authority on prehistory and geology. Eminent scientists often corresponded with her or came to see her collection of fossils. This is especially noteworthy at a time when women did not enjoy equal status with men. Her discoveries at Lyme Regis, radically changed the way scientists thought about prehistoric life and the history of the earth.

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What happens when the Doomsday Clock reaches midnight?

Ukarine war moves the Doomsday Clock to 90 seconds to midnight. Here’s a backgrounder on the Clock and its history.

With Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the specter of nuclear weapon use. Earth crept its closest to Armageddon. said the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, moving its famous “Doomsday Clock” up to just 90 seconds before midnight The science-oriented advocacy group’s annual announcement rating reflects how close humanity is from doing itself in. It underscores what scientists consider a gathering of several existential threats, with Russian leader Vladimir Putin’s actions chief among them.

The advocacy group was started in 1947. It uses a clock to symbolise the potential and likelihood of people doing something to end humanity. It moved the clock 10 seconds closer than last year, making it the closest it has ever been to striking 12. It’s been as much as 17 minutes from midnight after the end of the Cold War but in the past few years, the group has changed from counting down the minutes to midnight to counting down the seconds.

Doomsday has not happened yet. But scientists and activists at the Bulletin have listed some of today’s threats besides the Ukraine war. Their list includes nuclear weapon proliferation in China, Iran increasing its uranium enrichment, missile tests in North Korea, future pandemics from animal diseases, pathogens from lab mistakes. “disruptive technologies” and worsening climate change as other existential threats to humanity.

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Glass frogs have a secret!

Glass frogs live on trees, are active at night, and many of them are difficult to spot because of their green skin that merges well with their environment. “But these amphibians become true masters of camouflage during the day when they’re asleep.” How? Come, let’s find out.

When glass frogs rest or sleep, their muscles and skin turn transparent. So, whats visible are their eyes, bones, and internal organs. It is hard to spot them because they sleep on the bottoms of huge leaves and also blend well with the environment due to their transparency. But, how do they turn transparent, and what about the visibility of blood? Red blood cells absorb green light (the colour of light usually reflected by plants and other vegetation), and reflect red light. This makes blood highly visible, especially against a bright green leaf. In the case of glass frogs, though, something extraordinary happens.

A research team recently “observed that red blood cells seemed to be disappearing from the circulating blood” when the frogs rest. They conducted additional imaging tests on the animals, proving via optical models that the animals were able to achieve transparency because they were pushing red blood cells out of their vessels. It was suspected that the cells were being stored in one of the frog’s inner organs. which are packaged in a reflective membrane.

To find out where exactly the blood was going, scientists used a non-invasive imaging technology called photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). And the result was startling. The primary result is that whenever glass frogs want to be transparent, which is typically when they’re at rest and vulnerable to predation. they filter nearly all the red blood cells out of their blood and hide them in a mirror-coated liver – somehow avoiding creating a huge blood clot in the process.” When the frogs “are awake, stressed or under anaesthesia their circulatory system is full of red blood cells and they are opaque”. This unique capacity would explain why there are hardly any other land-based vertebrates that can achieve such transparency.

Also, in “most animals, pooling blood together leads to clotting which can be life-threatening, for example = leading to heart attacks in humans”. So, studying these amphibians can even help us understand blood clotting better.

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What is seismology?

You must have often read about earthquakes but do you know that the study of earthquake is called seismology?

Seismology is a scientific discipline to study earthquakes caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth’s rocks.

Seismologists have studied quakes induced by human activities such as impounding water behind high dams and detonating underground nuclear explosions.

Earthquakes

Earthquakes occur most often where rock masses move in relation to one another. The major fault lines of the world are located at the fringes of the huge tectonic plates that make up Earth’s crust. Earthquakes are recorded by instruments called seismographs.

There are four seismic zones globally (an area where earthquakes tend to focus): Zone Il to V (of which Zone V is seismically the most active region and zone II is the least). As per the seismic zoning map of India, the total area is classified into four seismic zones.

The need for international exchange of readings on earthquakes was recognised by British geologist John Milne, whose work resulted in the International Seismological Summary (ISS) being set up immediately after the World War I.

In cooperation with the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Milne had set up a number of seismographic stations around the world.

At present there are several seismological centres across the world to study and inform about the intensity of earthquakes.

International Seismological Centre

International Seismological Centre was formed in Edinburgh in 1964 with the help of UNESCO. It was a successor to the ISS. In 1970, the Centre became an international non-governmental body, funded by institutions from across the world.

Global Seismographic Network

The Global Seismographic Network (GSN) is a digital seismic network that provides free, realtime, open access data through Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS). It has over 150 modern seismic stations distributed globally.

National Center for Seismology

National Center for Seismology (NCS) is the nodal agency that monitors earthquake activity in the country. It maintains the National Seismological Network of more than 150 stations across the country.

It monitors earthquake swarm and aftershock by deploying a temporary observatory close to the affected region. It also monitors earthquake activity all across the country through its around-the-clock monitoring center.

The information of earthquakes reported by NCS is disseminated to the central and state disaster authorities concerned in the least possible time to initiate adequate mitigation measures.

NCS provides data on earthquake and seismicity reports of specific regions to even agencies such as insurance companies, industrial units, river valley projects, etc.

The first seismological observatory of the country was established at Alipore (Kolkata) on December 1, 1898, after the 1897 Shillong plateau earthquake.

Meanwhile, the occurrence of devastating earthquakes such as the 1905 Kangra earthquake and 1934 Nepal-Bihar demanded strengthening of the national seismological network progressively from a meagre six in 1940 to eight in 1950, 15 in 1960, and 18 in 1970.

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