Category DAYS TO REMEMBER

          2019 marks the 150th year of one of the greatest novels ever written – Leo Tolstoy’s ‘War and Peace’. This classic work from Russia was first published in the book form in 1869.

          Tolstoy took almost seven years to finish this epic work, and a Russian magazine named ‘Messenger serialized some portions of it during 1865-67. But the full novel came out as a book only in 1869. The story, woven around Napoleon’s invasion of Russia, covers a period of over fifteen years. The unique literary style and the historical context make ‘War and Peace’ a monumental work.

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           Is there anyone who isn’t familiar with the famous character ‘Mowgli’? Hopefully none. The main character of the evergreen ‘The Jungle Book’, a collection of stories written by Rudyard Kipling, is a huge part of our childhood. ‘The Jungle Book’ was first published in1894.

           Mowgli is a human child raised by wolves in the jungle. In these tales, the animals proved to be both Mowgli’s allies and adversaries. Baloo the bear, Bagheera the panther along with many others, are Mowgli’s friends. But Shere Khan the tiger is his enemy. The stories are set in a forest in India.

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               Daniel Defoe’s ‘Robinson Crusoe’ has fascinated readers around the world, for the last 300 years. Daniel Defoe was an English writer, famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe that was published in 1719.

                The story is about a shipwrecked man called Robinson Crusoe, and his adventures on a deserted island where he is washed ashore. One reason for its popularity is that it is packed with excitement and adventure, with sailing ships, stormy seas, and guns. Without doubt, Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe established a realistic style of fiction, and set the tone for modern novels.

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              The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a turning point in our freedom movement. The British troops under the command of Colonel Reginald Dyer, opened fire on unarmed Indians on 13th April 1919. This event took place in the heart of Amritsar. Hundreds were killed, and thousands were injured. This was followed by widespread protests across a grieving country.

                 Many Indians became convinced that the British had to be paid back in their own coin – that violence had to be met with violence. The 100th anniversary of that cruel incident falls this year.

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          The periodic table gives us information about element symbols, atomic numbers, and atomic weights. It brings order to information about the chemical elements and helps chemists to understand why elements react as they do.

           The milestone in the development of the periodic table was set by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who is acknowledged as the ‘father’ of the periodic table though the title is also claimed by the German scientist Lothar Meyer. Today, the periodic table organizes the elements by order of increasing atomic number.

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          Leornardo da Vinci was perhaps the most widely talented person ever to have lived. He was a consummate painter and sculptor, a great inventor, military engineer, scientist, botanist, and mathematician!

            He lived during the Renaissance in Italy and while working in Milan as an artist, he began writing texts for his students and apprentices. His notebooks covered more than 1000 pages of observations and illustrations. They remained unpublished for more than a century, and were printed only after his death.

            He was born on April 15th 1452 and died on May 2nd 1519.

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                     The year 2019 marks the 100th Birth anniversary of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the father of the Indian Space Programme. He was born on 12th August 1919.

                     Dr. Sarabhai has put India on the international map in the field of space research. In 1962, he became Chairman of the Indian National Committee for Space Research. The establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization, also known as ISRO, was one of his greatest achievements. Dr. Sarabhai died on 30th December 1971.

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         Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the out nation, is an inspiring person, who shaped world history. Gandhiji stands out among the great men of the world as a symbol of non-violent resistance to political and social repression.                      

        Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2nd, 1869 in Gujarat. He became the leader of a movement that attracted millions in the struggle for freedom. He was a strong advocate of nonviolence. India got freedom on August 15th, 1947. Gandhiji was assassinated on January 30th, 1948.

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              Do you know that the food that we consume every day reaches us through a chain of many people? A morsel of bread before it landed on our palm was a seed that was sown in a field, cared for and harvested by a farmer, bought and sold by businessmen, before being purchased and brought home by our parents from the market. While all links of the chain are important, the indispensable link is the farmer. While farming remains the foundation stone of any society, it hardly receives the respect and dignity it deserves. In India, the National Farmers Day, popularly known as Kisan Diwas, is celebrated on December 23.

                The day is celebrated in the honour of Chaudhary Charan Singh who was the fifth Prime Minister of India. Charan Singh belonged to a peasant family; and therefore, it was easy for him to relate to the problems of the farmers. He introduced many policies in favour of farmers and he was able to bring together all the farmers against the landlords and moneylenders who exploited them.

                In India, more than 70 percent of the population depends on agriculture for income in one form or the other. The observance of Kisan Diwas sheds light on the plight of the farmers in India and the vital services they render to the nation.

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            The Army, the Navy and the Air Force, three wings together known as the armed forces, defend a nation from extraneous threats. Indian Armed Forces Flag Day, celebrated on December 7, is observed to respect and cherish the services of the armed forces and to collect funds for the well-being of soldiers.

            The observance started in 1947 and ever since, the sacrifice of the men in uniform who valiantly fought on the borders to safeguard the country’s honour is remembered and appreciated. On this day, small flags are distributed to the general public across the country and the funds collected, are utilised for the welfare of defence personnel and their families.

             The Armed Forces are rendering invaluable services to our nation. The day is an opportunity to thank them and remember them in a special way.

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           December 4 is the Indian Navy Day. Indian Navy safeguards the Indian waters and coasts.

           The Naval Force or maritime force is designed to defend the nation against threats that come through the seas. The maritime history of India dates back about 6,000 years, as navigation was popular in the Indus Valley civilization.

           The Maurya Empire, the Kalinga Empire and the Vijayanagara Empire were known maritime powers during their reign. Shivaji Bhosale of the Maratha Empire is considered the Father of the Indian Navy. The Indian Navy founded by the East India Company came into force in 1612. Today, the Indian Navy plays a great role in securing the marine borders of the country as well as enhancing the international relations of India through many ways like seaport visits, joint exercises, humanitarian missions and calamity relief. The modern Indian navy has undergone speedy renovation in order to enhance its strength in the Indian Ocean region.

           Navy Day in India is observed to honour the courageous attack by the Navy on the Karachi harbour during the Indo-Pakistan war in 1971 and pay respects to all the martyrs of that war.

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                                                In 1886, labourers in Chicago had declared a general strike starting from May 1 in order to limit the working hours to 8 hours a day. In the commotion that ensued, police fired at the workers and killed eight of them. The event created further ripples in the society as riots broke out and the police and the military killed more civilians. In 1891, the anniversary of the Chicago protests was observed as the International Workers’ Day for the first time. The day is also known as May Day.

                                                In India, the day has another significance too. In 1923, a prominent Communist leader Malayapuram Singaravelu Chettiar raised the red flag in Chennai on May 1 and inaugurated communism in India. That was also the event when May Day celebrations were introduced in our country. May Day symbolizes the strength in union and fraternity and it tells the world that labourers who build the world are to be respected and their rights, protected.

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                                                The Indian Constitution is considered one the most comprehensive of all constitutions in the world. On April 14, India celebrates the birthday of the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. Ambedkar Jayanti is an occasion to acknowledge not only the contribution he has made to create the Constitution, but also the efforts he took in uplifting the Dalits and other marginalized castes in India.

                                                Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was a multifaceted personality, marking his presence as an economist, jurist, politician and social reformer who fought against social discrimination towards the untouchables, while also supporting the rights of women and labour. He is known the world over as the Indian crusader for social justice.

                                                Ambedkar Jayanti inspires men and women to stand up for their rights and fight against any kind of discrimination in society.

          The human body wages an unceasing war against microbes that attack it from all over. While many diseases still pose fatal threats, modern medical science has been successful in overpowering many that used to be life threatening.

          Vaccines, synthetic formulae that provide immunity against diseases, have been a boon to societies. On March 16, 2014, the National Vaccination Day, India was declared polio-free by the World Health Organization.

           Polio, also known as infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease that causes muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move. Aggressive vaccination campaigns and concerted efforts, however, have resulted in freeing the country of polio, smallpox and such diseases. The National Vaccination Day attempts to spread awareness regarding the importance of eradicating polio and such other deadly diseases from our planet Earth.

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              Thousands of men have sacrificed their lives for India’s independence. Although names of many of them have faded into oblivion, their character, courage and commitment have inspired millions of Indians to work towards building India into a prosperous nation.

              On January 30, the day Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated, the nation pays homage to the freedom fighters and those people who laid down their lives in the service of the nation. The day is observed as Martyrs’ Day.

              Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation, is recognized as one of the greatest leaders of our times. His greatest contribution to humanity is the praxis of non-violence and civil disobedience that won India its freedom. He is reputed for professing in his life spirituality and politics, two seemingly irreconcilable aspects of life.

             Gandhi was shot down by Nathuram Godse, another Indian, who was intolerant of Gandhi’s altruistic attitudes. Martyrs’ Day is a reminder to us to be ever vigilant against rising hatred and violence in society.

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            A nation becomes fully independent when it has a body of fundamental principles, known as a constitution, according to which the state is acknowledged to be governed. India became an independent republic and its constitution came into effect on January 26, 1950. Therefore January 26 is celebrated as Indian Republic Day.

            Chaired by B. R. Ambedkar, the Constituent Assembly that drafted the constitution included statesmen like Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Vallabhbhai Patel and Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi. The Indian constitution is the longest written constitution in the world.

              On Republic Day, India celebrates its constitution that declares the nation as a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens justice, equality and liberty.

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          Subhas Chandra Bose, fondly called Netaji, is one of the most prominent revolutionary leaders of the Indian freedom movement. He was born on January 23, 1887 and the same day is celebrated as. Netaji Jayanti.

          Although the credit for leading the national struggle against the British could be given to the non-violent movement of Gandhi, Bose’s armed struggle played an important role in it too. He went to Japan in 1943 to plan an attack on the British Raj and win independence for India with Japan’s help. His Indian National Army, in fact, captured Kohima from the British. However, as Japan could not intervene and help the INA in time, his top lieutenants were arrested and captured. The INA remains a symbol of our nation’s determination and courage to rise up against the enemy.

          While there is still uncertainty around Netaji’s disappearance, his popularity and iconic status as a warrior has not diminished in any measure in India. Even today, Netaji continues to inspire thousands of young men to show their love for their nation.

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         The army not only guards the borders of our nation, but also takes part in several other activities aimed at serving the people.

         Soldiers make appropriate interventions at the times of natural disasters and calamities with wide impact, and help the victims by bringing them food and other necessary amenities. They also help governments in conducting larger events smoothly. The Indian Army Day is observed on January 15, the anniversary of shifting of power from the British General, Sir Francis Butcher, to the Indian General, KM Cariappa.

         Indian Army is the third largest standing army in the world. Celebrated in the form of parades and other military shows in the national capital New Delhi as well as in other headquarters, the day marks a day to respect the valiant soldiers who sacrificed their lives to protect the country and its citizens.

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        The youth are the future of any nation. Investing wisely in the youth in terms of education will guarantee a prosperous nation. The National Youth Day on January 12 falls on the birthday of Swami Vivekananda, a great Indian monk and philosopher.

       Swami Vivekananda, born in 1863, was a prodigy. The foremost disciple of Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, the 19th century Indian saint, he was a spokesperson for the Vedanta philosophy of India. He placed India on the world map with his historical speech at the Parliament of the World’s Religions in Chicago. The monk represented Hinduism and India at this first World Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893; and subsequently, he was invited to speak all over America and Europe.

         He was also a key figure in the introduction of yoga to the western world. The National Youth Day is celebrated to remind each young mind of India to be a courageous and responsible citizen.

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          Does science contribute to world peace? Science has often been criticized for inventing devices that wreaked havoc in the world. From bombs and guns to nuclear weapons of mass destruction, some scientific inventions have caused the death of millions of people.

          Today, the scientific community is striving hard to direct scientific Pursuits for the peace and Prosperity of the world. Therefore, the International Week of Science and Peace, celebrated from November 6 to 12, poses some very relevant questions.

          Science should be more responsible today. Scientists should be able to stand by the high moral standards in order that science may fuel constructive and proactive developments in society. Education across the globe should be directed at a scientific way of thinking rather than mere learning pure sciences. The International Week of Science encourages greater academic exchanges of universal importance while also generating greater awareness of the relationship of science and peace among the public.

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        The world is witnessing an arms race among nations today. Governments are spending large amounts from the exchequer to buy newer and better weaponry.

        Accumulation of weapons is often based on the misconception that conflicts can be resolved by showing off one’s weaponry. However, war seldom brings peace. Disarmament Week, observed from October 24 to 30, is an attempt to raise awareness regarding the importance of systematic reduction of arms and lead world powers to better sense.

        The annual observance of the week starts on the anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. Worldwide awareness is invited to the danger of the arms race during this week. It is also an opportunity to propagate the need for ending accumulation of weapons and increase public understanding of the urgent tasks of disarmament.

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        Lying on his back and gazing at the stars after a hard day’s labour, ancient Man may have dreamt of flying past the sky, and touching the moon one day. The dream materialized only quite recently when the Soviet Union and the US competed to outstrip each other in conquering Space and beyond. When others pitched in and ventured into more space explorations, we started learning more about our planet, the solar system, the galaxy, the vast universe and Man’s position in the universe. The World Space Week from October 4 to 10 celebrates the role of Space in bringing the world closer together.

         The World Space Week starts on the anniversary of the launching of Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, on October 4, 1957. The week presents the biggest Space event in the world. The purpose of the celebrations is to inspire students to turn to Space research and educate the public about Space activities.

         Humanity has reached beyond the sky. Every step humans take now should not only advance them in knowledge, but also bring them closer to each other.

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          When India gained independence in 1947, the nation became a sovereign state that is ruled by its own people. However, many territories in other parts of world are still under the rule of colonial countries. Therefore, the International Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories observed between May 25 and 31, has great relevance.                         Colonialism was tragic event, which saw many countries and territories being invaded or systematically subjugated and plundered of their wealth. In 1946, the UN had prepared a list of territories that were not self-governing. Most of these territories freed themselves through the process of decolonization. However, some of them had remained dependent. The UN is urging the administering countries to take effective measures to safeguard and guarantee the inalienable rights of the peoples of the Non-Self- Governing Territories to their natural resources, including land. It is important that these territories be given the power to maintain control over the future development of those resources. The UN is also making requests to take all necessary steps to protect the property rights of the peoples of those territories.

        The Week of Solidarity is aimed at enabling the people of these territories to stand up for their own rights and fight against all oppressing powers.

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         Racism segregates Man from Man. It is an absurd belief in the superiority of some people over others because of their racial origin and skin colour. Racism was rampant in the past and nations are trying their best to eradicate this evil practice today. From March 21 to 27, the UN observes the Week of Solidarity with the People Struggling against Racism and Racial Discrimination. The week starts with the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on March 21.

         While racism is a system of power that provides privilege to the dominant white racial group while oppressing darker-skinned people, racial discrimination is the individual unfair treatment of a person or group of people on the basis of race. State interventions and laws can control racial discrimination, to a certain extent. However, racism can be wiped out only through awareness and understanding. There should be concerted effort from leaders of the nations to ordinary citizens, in order to bridge the gap.

          The Week of Solidarity is an opportunity to remind each of us that all are equal and we have no right to hold any prejudice against anyone because of their colour, birth, race and ethnicity.

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           Do you know there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world? This means that there is so much diversity in terms of people’s religious beliefs and opinions. Several instances of intolerance towards other faiths have occurred, and disrupted peace across the world. Religious fanaticism and insularity are on the increase and there is a great need among men to respect others’ perspectives and opinions. The World Interfaith Harmony Week, which advocates Understanding and tolerance of others’ faith, is celebrated in the first week of February.

          Most of the times, disrespect and intolerance start from ignorance. The UN General Assembly points out that mutual understanding and inter-religious dialogue are essential for establishing a culture of peace among people. Dialogue can foster mutual understanding, harmony and cooperation.

         Religion is more of an individual’s personal affair. We all can contribute to peace in society by respecting others’ faith and acknowledging their right to have their opinions.

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         Have you been to the top of a mountain? The cool breeze, the fresh air, the beautiful sky and, above all, the sight from above give us an unforgettable experience from high up on the mountain. Mountains are not just beautiful places to visit. They contribute significantly to ecosystems and biosphere. International Mountain Day is celebrated on December 11.

       Statistics say that about one billion people live in mountainous areas. Almost half the human population depends on mountains for water, food and clean energy. However, climate change, land degradation, over exploitation and natural disasters, with potentially far-reaching and devastating consequences, are threatening not only the mountains themselves, but also mountain communities, and the rest of the world. Global warming is melting mountain glaciers at an unprecedented rate. This affects freshwater supplies down- stream for millions of people.

         International Mountain Day should raise awareness regarding the importance of mountains in Man’s life. It is also an opportunity to remind governments to be pro-active, and protect mountains.

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          Millions of people are living all over the world devoid of basic amenities, dignity and human rights. Human Rights are the rights that every individual has by virtue of being a human being, irrespective of their gender, caste, creed, religion, nation, location or economic status. On December 10, the world observes the Human Rights Day.

         December 10 is the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a historic document, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 in Paris, France. It is a milestone document that proclaimed the inalienable rights, which everyone is inherently entitled to as a human being, regardless of race, colour, religion, sex, language, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Being the sacred scripture of justice and fairness, this document is the most translated document in the world, available in more than 500 languages.

        The Human Rights Day reminds us of the significance of equal dignity and worth of every person. We, as responsible individuals, have to make a promise to ourselves to uphold the rights that protect us all and thereby promote the kinship of all human beings.

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         Have you ever thought what a wonder the soil is? The upper layer of the earth, soil is a mixture of organic and inorganic matter, which sustains and fosters all life on Earth. The whole of plant life exists on the soil as they take water and necessary nutrients from it. Therefore, all animals and other organisms have no existence without soil. We observe the World Soil Day on December 5.

         Do you know that soil is a finite natural resource? It is non-renewable too. Therefore, if it is polluted beyond its natural redeeming ability, soil cannot be reclaimed. It is a fact that there is a steady worldwide increase in the degradation of soil resources due to inappropriate management practices and population pressure. Therefore, the observance of the World Soil Day aims to raise awareness regarding the importance of soil quality for food security, healthy ecosystems and human well-being.

         What we can do to contribute to the well-being of our planet is by not throwing plastic, nondegradable and toxic materials on the soil, thus polluting it.

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          There is hardly any home without a television. Television has become such an integral part of our life as it takes care of many of the chief aspects of our life such as entertainment, information and health. Before the advent of the Internet, people depended heavily on television for news, education and entertainment. On November 21, the World Television Day, we recognize and acknowledge the importance of television in our life.

        Television plays an important role in the building of a society. Much of an individual’s leisure time is spent in front of TV. It provides the viewer with various programmes ranging from news presentations, discussion platforms, interviews, films and serial shows to school and college lessons. Therefore, it has the unique ability to fashion people’s views and opinions. However, television, popularly known as the ‘idiot box’, has its disadvantages too.

        The World Television Day, therefore, should make us more responsible and committed towards our society.

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         The hopes and dreams for a new and better world lie with children; and there- fore, they are the future of humanity. Established in 1954 by the United Nations, the Universal Children’s Day is celebrated on November 20th each year to promote international togetherness, awareness among children worldwide, and improving children’s welfare.

        One of the most celebrated international document for the rights of children is the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. It advocates giving children the means necessary for their normal material and spiritual development. Hunger, illness, backwardness, delinquency and abandonment of children should be eliminated. The document says that children must be the first to receive relief in times of distress. There should be provisions to protect children against every form of exploitation. The Declaration was adopted in 1924 and still remains the chief pillar of support for the rights of children.

         The Universal Children’s Day reminds us that our education systems, social structures and institutions should primarily cater to the growth and development of children.

         One of the inconveniences many people in countries like India face is the lack of toilets. The Indian government has undertaken an important step that ensures toilets in every house-hold across the country as part of a nation-wide campaign called Swachh Bharat Mission. Having basic toilet facilities is an individual’s right as hygienic and clean surroundings will help him stay healthy. The World Toilet Day is celebrated on November 19.

          Statistics indicate that around 4.5 billion people live without a safe toilet and 892 million people still, practice open defecation. Human waste can spread dangerous diseases. Defecating in the open, in fact, can expose people to various diseases that can threaten their life. The impact of such exposure on this scale has a devastating effect upon public health, living and working conditions, nutrition, education and economic productivity across the world. Therefore, toilets save lives.

         The World Toilet Day is a reminder that everyone should follow certain practices of personal hygiene. We are aiming to ensure that everyone has a safe toilet and that no-one practices open defecation by 2030.

         November 14 is the World Diabetes Day. A condition that impairs the human body’s ability to process blood sugar, diabetes occurs because our body is unable to produce enough insulin to meet its needs.

        The prevalence of diabetes is increasing so rapidly across the globe. It is estimated that around 422 million people have been living with diabetes in 2016. The number was only 108 million in 1980. The disease comes with many associated risk factors, such as obesity. Diabetes is considered a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, strokes and lower limb amputation. Doctors say that a healthy diet, physical activity and avoiding tobacco use can prevent or delay the onset of diabetes. There are several drugs available today, which can cure the disease and its consequences.

       The World Diabetes Day is an opportunity to encourage countries to develop national policies for the prevention, treatment and care of the disease.

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           We all know that most of the international days we have dealt with so far are declared by the United Nations, an intergovernmental organization. Therefore, it is only befitting that we have a day to celebrate the UN itself, on October 24.

            The UN Day is celebrated on the anniversary of its entry into force in 1945 by adopting the UN Charter. The founding document was ratified by the majority of its signatories, including the five permanent members of the Security Council. The five permanent members were France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and the US. The purpose of founding such an international body was to maintain international peace and security and become a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

              The UN has declared peacekeeping, security among nations, human rights, economic development and humanitarian assistance as its objectives.

              The UN has been of great help to the nations and communities in the world. As an organization that has considerable influence over nations, there is much more the organization can offer today than ever before.

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         One of the most persistent evils that world a face today is poverty. In 2012, there were about 1.2 billion poor people in the world, according to statistics. Although people say that poverty is a relative notion, it is generally understood as the scarcity of a certain amount of material possession or money to live a respectable life. On October 17, we observe the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty.

        We often mistake poverty to be a solely an economic problem. However, the phenomenon has many dimensions that include lack of both income and the basic capabilities to live in dignity. It is a matter of great shame that so many people still continue to live in abject poverty while certain parts of the world enjoy unprecedented levels of economic development, technological means and financial resources.

         It is true that poverty often coincides with human rights violations. If we all have wide-open eyes, an empathetic heart and love for humanity, we all can contribute in our own little way in eradicating poverty from the face of the Earth.

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          The most essential element to being healthy and fit is a nutritious diet. While we have our favourite snack or dessert, we have our staple food that we eat routinely and that keeps us healthy. on October 16, when the world observes the World Food Day, we should not only thank the thousand hands that prepare our food and bring it to our table, but also bear in mind the thousands of faceless people who go hungry without even a day’s meal.

         One of the greatest tasks the world faces today is addressing the challenge of feeding a rapidly growing population. Nations have to invest in sustainable food systems and rural development. They have their task cut out in protecting the global climate and tackling some of the root causes of migration and displacement. The UN is resolved to end hunger world over and evolve a climate-compatible agriculture and food systems that deliver without harming nature.

          World Food Day reminds each of us of our responsibility to keep our neighbours free of hunger. While the likelihood of a child dying before age five has been nearly cut in half, with about 17,000 children saved every day over the past 20 years, there are still millions, who need our intervention to keep the fire in their body burning.

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          The International Day of the Girl Child falls on October 11, highlighting the needs and challenges girls face today. There are many societies where the girl child is regarded inauspicious and unwelcome. In many parts of India, the girl child is considered a burden due to the evil practice of dowry.

          The day reminds us that between boys and girls there is nothing that makes one superior to the other. An educated and skilled girl is as equipped and qualified as an educated and skilled boy. Therefore, women should be provided all opportunities that man get. The UN reports that millions of girls are either denied jobs or are employed in jobs that earn them low or no pay. Many of them face bias, abuse and exploitation at work. Nations should be able to expand existing learning opportunities for girls, chart new pathways for them and rethink how to prepare them for a successful transition into the world of work.

          The UN has marked the beginning of a year-long programme to draw attention to the most pressing needs and opportunities for girls to attain skills for employability under the theme, ‘With her: A Skilled Girl-force’.

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         In Indian tradition, the teacher is considered equal to God. Along with mother and father, the teacher plays an important role in the development of the child. World over, teachers are given special importance for their contribution to the well-being and edification of society. The World Teachers’ Day is held annually on October 5.

        Teachers play an important part in students’ education, recruitment, employment, and teaching and learning conditions. One of the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN recognizes teachers as key to the achievement of the Education 2030 agenda and recommends ways to counter challenges to ideal teacher-student relationship. The right to education presupposes the right to qualified teachers. Therefore, it is important for nations to raise the standards of teachers by providing them with programmes that will improve their quality.

        The world needs more teachers today. Statistics suggest that around 69 million teachers have to be recruited to reach the 2030 education goal of universal primary and secondary education. The World Teachers’ Day also serves as an invitation to young men and women to choose the noble profession of teaching.

          There is hardly anyone who has not heard of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhiji, with his toothless smile, captivated the world with a distinct political philosophy: Non-Violence. Gandhi was instrumental in guiding India to political freedom in 1947. Following Gandhi’s model, many leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr. have adopted non-violence as their philosophy. On October 2, the day Gandhi was born, the world observes the International Day of Non-Violence.

          Many nations have ceased to believe in peaceful negotiations to settle international and civil disputes. The army and the police have turned to be instruments of violence in many places. Gandhi himself did not believe in the necessity of an army at all. The UN wants to reaffirm the universal relevance of the principle of non-violence through the observance of the day. According to the UN General Assembly resolution, the day is an occasion to disseminate the message of non-violence through public awareness.

          The International Day of Non-Violence is an opportunity to remember the words of the great man: “Non-violence is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of Man”.

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          After food and clothing, what Man needs most is shelter. A home is a dream for many. Some people save every penny they earn to build a home. Home is the symbol of safety, comfort and support. The United Nations has designated the first Monday of October of every year as World Habitat Day to meditate on the state of our homes, towns and cities. It is also an opportunity to reflect on the basic right of all people for adequate shelter.

           The theme of the World Habitat Day of 2018 was regarding Municipal Solid Waste Management. One of the chief concerns of town dwellers is how to dispose garbage. There was a concerted effort to raise awareness regarding promoting innovative solutions to municipal solid waste management, facilitating policy dialogues and forming partnerships among communities for mobilizing resources to address the municipal solid waste challenges.

          The World Habitat Day reminds us that we all have the power and the responsibility to shape the future of our homes, cities and towns

          Do you love travelling? Francis Bacon, the renowned English essayist, opined that travelling to distant places is not only entertaining, but also educative and reformative. Touring new places will expand our mindscape and broaden our vision. The world celebrates World Tourism Day on September 27.

          In the last sixty years or so, tourism has experienced exponential growth world over. It has turned into one of the fastest growing and most important economic activities in the world, benefiting destinations and communities worldwide. The UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) predicts that this sector will continue its growth at an average of 3 per cent annually until 2030. This growth is expected despite the many challenges the growth of tourism faces, such as the global economic crisis, natural disasters and pandemic diseases.

              There are so many beautiful, strange and astonishing places in the world. There are diverse cultures, communities and life styles. Travelling and visiting these places will turn men richer in experiences and wiser in relationships.

           Do you know what our world is in dire need of, today? It is peace. Our world has been splintered into factions because of race, caste, creed, ethnicity and nationality. Intermittent wars and incessant civil strife have torn nations and communities apart. The International Day of Peace, observed on September 21, envisages a world community built on the foundations of lasting peace.

         The basis of peaceful society is the economic and social development for all people whose rights are protected. This is why the UN member states adopted in 2015 the 17 Sustainable Development Goals that cover a broad range of issues, including poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, gender equality, water, sanitation, energy, environment and social justice. Without protecting justice and equality in a society, a peaceful society cannot exist. A peaceful society can promote a sustainable environment and the sustainable environment can foster peace, in turn.

        The International Peace Day’s theme for 2018 was ‘the right to peace’. The world also celebrated the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a milestone document in the history of human rights, last year.

          In modern societies, people are increasingly losing faith in the rule of kings, nobles or autocrats. In an egalitarian and just society, people are their own rulers; and therefore, democracy is the rule of the people. Do you know Abraham Lincoln’s famous definition of democracy? The International Day of Democracy envisages governments of the people, by the people and for the people. This day falls on September 15.

          The purpose of celebrating such a day is to look for ways to encourage democracy and seek answers to the challenges it faces. Democracy must make nations ready to tackle economic and political inequalities, bring the young and the marginalized into the political system and make nations more innovative and responsive to emerging challenges such as migration and climate change. The rulers and governments should be made aware of the values of freedom, and respect for human rights as essential elements of democracy.

         The international Day of Democracy tells the world that the relevance and significance of democracy can be upheld only through the protection and effective realization of human rights.

          Industrial growth, urbanization and ultimately man’s greed have slowly but steadily destroyed nature. Increasing number of factories, automobiles and other carbon emitting appliances have only escalated the crisis. The ozone layer that protects our earth from harmful rays from the space has developed holes, which can have disastrous effects on life on the planet.

        The ozone layer is nothing but a fragile screen of gases. Harmful and hazardous elements emitted from factories and other carbon-discharging units can destroy this delicate shield. If the uses of ozone depleting substances are not controlled, the ozone layer may not exist for future generations. The UN has advocated a gradual phase out of these substances and this can contribute significantly to global efforts to address climate change.

           The Montreal Protocol, proposed in 1987, was aimed at a global agreement that can protect the ozone layer by systematically ending the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.

          The International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer is observed on September 16.

          The ability to read and write is one of the chief achievements of Man that led to the development and enhancement of civilization. It is an important skill for an individual’s participation in socio-political and cultural discourse. It helps develop one’s awareness of one’s rights, civil responsibilities and knowledge of the world. The UN has dedicated a day to celebrating literacy known as the International Literacy Day, which falls on September 8.

          Universal access to quality education and learning opportunities for people is part of the agenda of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Despite the progress people across the world have made, there still persist literacy challenges in certain parts of the world.

          Literacy has become an important requirement for livelihood, especially in the context of advanced employment schemes; The UN provides opportunities to achieve literacy for all the young people and the adults who lack these skills.

          International Literacy Day focuses on the competencies required for employment, careers, and livelihoods along with skills.

          We all are aware of the dreadful destruction that Hiroshima and Nagasaki underwent towards the end of World War II. The casualties and losses were not limited to the immediate effects of the bomb; the radiation still haunts the                                                  cities as deformed babies are born even now.

          However, nations have not stopped testing nuclear weapons. It is said that the nuclear weapons possessed by various nations have the firepower to destroy our planet five times over.

          The International Day against Nuclear Tests serves as a warning against the danger of deadly nuclear arm race and further testing of nuclear weapons.

         Nearly 2,000 tests have been conducted the world over since the first nuclear weapon test on 1945 July 16. Various international bodies have spared no effort to put an end to all forms of nuclear testing. The United Nations proposed a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which did not materialize.

         The international Day against Nuclear Tests calls for increasing awareness about the effects of nuclear tests, to achieve the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world.

          Man being a social creature is neighbour to another man. What makes him different from the other animals is not only his superior intelligence, but also his quality of being humane and altruistic.

         Every day, millions of men and women help others in need without expecting anything in return. The World Humanitarian Day is celebrated every year to pay tribute to aid workers who risk their lives in humanitarian service, and to rally support for people affected by crises around the world. The day is observed on August 19.

         Sadly, the world is not a peaceful place any more. Incessant conflicts and wars have torn our world apart. Millions of civilians are affected by armed conflicts every day. Children have turned to militancy to fight with guns and other deadly weapons for causes they do not know.

          Humanitarian workers attempt to treat their wounds and illnesses and bring them relief. The World Humanitarian Day is a reminder to the world that humans need to be more humane and brings an assurance that humanity and compassion have not left the human heart yet.

           The wealth of a nation is its youth, people say. A nation with a considerable number of young people needs only to direct them in the right path; they will subsequently lead the nation to glory. Young minds are full of fresh thoughts and novel ideas. Therefore, the International Youth Day, falling on August 12, is an occasion to celebrate the young, who are humanity’s future.

          Statistics suggest that the world has the largest number of young people currently, around 1.8 billion, between the age of 10 and 24. Although it is a matter of great promise, the fact is that one in 10 young children live in conflict zones and 24 million of them do not get any education. The youth in our societies are increasingly isolated due to political instability, labour market challenges and limited space for political and civic participation.

          The International Youth Day aims to provide them safe spaces where they can come together and engage in activities related to their diverse needs and interests. The youth should be encouraged to participate in decision-making processes and freely express themselves.

          Governments should provide spaces for accommodating the needs of diverse youth.

          Many would turn to a dear friend in times of a dilemma or a crisis. A friend might be able to understand certain problems better than a parent or an older sibling. Friendship is said to have the ability to increase happiness and diminish misery by doubling our joy and cutting down our grief. Hence, a day dedicated to friendship on July 30, the International Day of Friendship, has so much relevance today.

          The world offers us both happiness and sorrow. There are many challenges, crises and forces of division in the world such as poverty, violence and human right abuses in the world. There are many others that undermine peace, security, development and social harmony among the world’s peoples. The anxiety and depression that they have on young minds is beyond imagination. To confront these crises and as an answer to them, a shared spirit of human solidarity, which is otherwise known as friendship, must be promoted among men and women.

          Man learns to trust and love through friendship. These qualities will eventually transform the world to a better place to live.

          Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of the Indian nation, advocated the need of educating children in a skill-based system, so that they would be skilled and employable after their education. Education should not only aim at moulding a good human being, but also ensure a decent means of living and the ability to lead an honourable life in the world. On July 15, the World Youth Skills Day, the UN envisages a world where the young people are self-reliant and responsible for themselves.

         According to a recent study, the youth are almost three times more likely to be unemployed than adults. They are continuously exposed to lower quality of jobs, greater labour market inequalities and longer and more insecure school-to-work transitions. In the case of women, there is a higher probability of their being unemployed than men. In addition, women, in general, are underpaid and forced to undertake part-time jobs or work under temporary contracts. In this regard, the UN considers that education and training are key determinants of success in the labour market.

          The World Youth Skill Day is an opportunity to raise awareness on the importance of empowering the youth and investing in youth skills development.

          Do you know the number of human beings in the world now? It comes to around 7.7 billion in total!

          In 1989, the governing council of the United Nations Development Programme established the World Population Day as July 11 in order to focus attention on the urgency and importance of population issues.

          July 11 was formerly observed as the Day of ‘Five Billion’ and it had generated considerable interest among people across the world then. Population explosion is a reality. According to statistics, the world population increases by 100 million every 14 months. The explosion in population can result in a range of evils such as poverty, unemployment and corruption.

          The World Population Day attempts to raise awareness about the implications of rising world population. The theme of the celebrations last year was ‘Family Planning is a Human Right’.

          The 50th anniversary of affirming family planning as a human right in the 1968 International Conference on Human Rights was celebrated. The celebration included awareness campaigns regarding the right of women and girls.

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          We are all concerned about the well-being of our body and mind. Medical science testifies that many of our diseases are due to the disharmony between body and mind. There are many socio-cultural and religious practices across the globes that target the holistic health of an individual. Yoga is one such popular practice. We celebrate the International Day of Yoga on June 21.

            Yoga is an ancient art. With a strong spiritual and meditative core, yoga offers a variety of physical exercises that lead to both physical and psychological well-being. The word ‘Yoga’ derives from the Sanskrit root ‘yuj’, which means ‘to join’ or ‘to unite’, thus signifying the union of body and consciousness. This physical, mental and spiritual practice originated in India thousands of years ago. However, Yoga became popular all over the world only in the 20th century. Today, people practice yoga in various forms around the world irrespective of cultural and religious boundaries.

             The UN has recognized Yoga’s universal appeal and has initiated measures to raise awareness worldwide of the many benefits of practising Yoga. The theme for the 2018 celebration is ‘Yoga for Peace’.

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            Donating blood is considered a noble act. Every year on 14 June, countries around the world celebrate World Blood Donor Day. The observance of the day started in 2004 and is aimed at raising awareness regarding the need for safe blood and blood products. Thousands of blood donors give their blood voluntarily every day! The day is an opportunity to thank them for their kind act and their life-saving blood.

            Blood is the vital sap of our body. It needs to be replaced when an injury or an illness causes loss of blood in our body. Millions of lives are saved every year through blood transfusion. Blood transfusion and blood products support complex medical and surgical procedures too. During maternal and perinatal care, blood products are vital in their life-saving role.

            Blood donation becomes effective only when there are regular donations by voluntary unpaid blood donors. One of the goals of World Blood Donor Day is to encourage people across the globe to volunteer for blood donation. World Health Organization aims to obtain the required blood for all countries by the year 2020.

            Autism is a serious developmental disorder that impairs the ability of an individual for communication and social interaction. April 2 is observed as the World Autism Awareness Day.

            Such a dedicated day for autism can raise awareness about people with autism. The day was designed to focus on the importance of empowering men and women affected by autism and involving them and their representative organizations in policy and decision making to address their challenges.

            As is generally observed, girls with disabilities are less likely to complete primary school and most of them drop out of educational institutions. There is less likelihood of any institution providing them employment as well.

            World Autism Day also prepares a platform for discussions about fully exercising rights in matters relating to marriage, family and parenthood on an equal basis with others without the disability.

            Psychiatrists say that autism should not be seen as a disability, disease, disorder or impairment. It is just that some people are different from the rest. Therefore, autism calls for awareness among those unaffected by it rather than those who have it.

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            Today’s generation would find it difficult to believe that human beings were once sold in markets like vegetables or stationery.

            However, the history of our civilization testifies that slavery, an inhuman system of treating humans without any due respect did exist for centuries. Therefore, it is apt to dedicate a day for remembering the victims of slavery and March 25 is the International Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Slavery and the Transatlantic Slave Trade.

            One of the darkest episodes of human history is about the transatlantic slave trade in which more than 15 million men, women and children were put up for sale and spent their lifetime under inhuman conditions. It existed for about 4 centuries. The International Day offers the opportunity to remember and honour the victims who suffered and succumbed to death in the cruel system of slavery.

            In honour of the victims, a memorial has been erected for the slaves known as the Ark of Return at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

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            A healthy body houses a healthy mind, people say. There are innumerable diseases that await us at our doorstep every day; and thanks to modern medical science, we keep most of them at bay.

            Some diseases, however, have managed to stay untamed and have taken the lives of millions of people. Tuberculosis is one such malady that has claimed millions of lives so far.

            We observe World TB Day on March 24 to raise public awareness about the devastating health, social and economic consequences of tuberculosis and to step up efforts to end the global TB epidemic.

            Medical interventions have helped considerably in containing the disease in many parts of the world. However, TB continues to be the top infectious killer worldwide, claiming over 4,500 lives a day. A new version of the disease called ‘multidrug- resistant TB’ is a major threat to the ongoing efforts.

            World TB Day is aimed at building a commitment to end TB, not only at the political level with Heads of State and Ministers of Health, but also at the grass root level. Therefore, everyone should be brought to awareness programmes and incorporated into the fight against this deadly disease.

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            Our Earth is not what it used to be a few hundred years ago. Natural change along with massive human intervention, has led our planet to an environmental crisis. As a result, we face a wide range of hazards today, such as tropical cyclone storm surges, heavy rains, heat waves, droughts and many more. Therefore, in order to spread awareness, the World Meteorological Day is held on March 23.

           Climate change is no longer about mere themes of science fiction novels and films; we face it in our everyday life. The weather is turning extreme in some regions. Sea levels are rising and acidification of the oceans is taking place at a fast pace. Life seems more and more vulnerable as urbanization is spreading. Therefore, the message of the day is to be weather-ready, climate-smart and water-wise!

            World Meteorological Day is an occasion to set our priorities right and take initiatives to protect the lives, livelihoods and property of people from risks related to weather, and climate and water.

            One of the ways of readying people for imminent dangers is by installing early warning systems and implementing various disaster-risk-reduction measures.

            If nations do not start executing policy level decisions regarding climate change, our planet will soon become inhospitable to life.

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            Can we survive without water? An essential building block of life, water is much more than a vital commodity for quenching our thirst or protecting health. It is an indispensable material for the economic, social and human development of a nation.

           It is imperative to hold an International Water Day when there are about 663 million people who live without safe water supplies. World Water Day is observed on March 22.

            Although more than 70 percent of the earth’s surface is covered with water, clean drinking water is not as abundant. Water-related crises are erupting every day as environmental damage and climate change are happening rapidly. The world is looking forward to overcome the water challenges of the 21st century.

            Communities in general and individuals in particular have to partake actively in water conservation initiatives. We have to explore nature-based solutions, such as planting new forests, reconnecting rivers to floodplains and restoring wetlands as they will rebalance the water cycle and improve human health and livelihoods.

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          Forests are the lungs of the earth. Without them, life on Earth is impossible. Therefore, when we celebrate the International Day of Forests on March 21, we are providing a platform to raise awareness of the importance of all types of woodlands and trees, and celebrate the ways in which they sustain and protect us.

        Forests are an indispensable part of our life. They store carbon, which helps reduce the impacts of climate change in and around urban spaces. They also help improve the local climate. During these times of soaring heat, placing trees in certain strategically significant areas can cool the air by up to 8 degrees Celsius. Thus, trees, in fact, can replace air-conditioners. They are effective air-filters too, as they sieve out harmful pollutants in the air.

          Forests can filter and regulate water too. They help increase the quality of groundwater supplies. Flooding is to a certain extent prevented by trees. Forests can provide us with fresh fruits and nuts, provide habitats for animal diversity, and boost tourism.

          Thus, they encourage an active and healthy lifestyle, improve mental health, prevent disease and provide a place for people to socialize and commune with nature.

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          Poetry is often said to be the food for the human soul. A medium for the deep thoughts and feelings of mind, poetry has a universal appeal. Poetry has the unique ability to record the creative spirit of the human soul; and therefore, we have a dedicated day for celebrating poetry. World Poetry Day falls on March 21.

          Why, do you think, we celebrate the 16th century poet Shakespeare even today? It is because the poems and plays written by him living in a distant land and in an alien cultural background still have a universal value to which people across the globe can relate. Poetry has the distinct ability to affirm humanity by revealing through choicest words that the angst and agony of individuals are the same across regions.

          World Poetry Day attempts to support poets and poetry from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. It also offers an opportunity to return to the oral tradition of poetry recitals, to promote the teaching of poetry, to restore a dialogue between poetry and the other arts such as theatre, dance, music and painting, and to support small publishers.

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           Racism is one of the evils that the world is facing even today. For hundreds of years, men and women have been held slaves because of the colour of their skin.

           In the slavery that existed in the Americas and Europe, black men and women were not even considered human beings. This evil practice was legally banned after incessant interventions by great men like Abraham Lincoln, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. However, racial discrimination exists in various forms even today.

           March 21 is recognized as the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Human dignity is the foundation stone for human rights. Every individual is entitled to human rights without discrimination. Governments across the globe have recognized the importance of the rights to equality and non-discrimination.

          The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

          Most societies are afflicted by racism, xenophobia and intolerance. Minorities are discriminated against, and migrants are treated with hatred and cruelty. The International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination is a reminder to all of us that we should all stand up against racial prejudice.

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          Have you heard the story of a king who ordered a hunt for the shirt of the happiest man in his kingdom? When his servants finally found the happiest man, he had no shirt! Beyond all his cares and longings, Man ultimately wants to be happy. In acknowledgement of this great truth, March 20 is recognized as the International Day of Happiness.

          What is the purpose of the International Day of Happiness? Of course, it is a day to be happy! However, it is also an occasion to recognize the importance of happiness in the lives of people around the world. There are millions of people in the world devoid of happiness due to several factors. A UN resolution in 2015 has sought to end poverty, reduce inequality, and protect our planet, the three key points that lead to the well-being and happiness of people.

               Being happy is everyman’s right. Controlling the factors that lead to the loss of happiness of people all over is not only the responsibility governments but also of every individual.

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          The world has to undergo an urgent change when it comes to its attitude towards women. Women are often sidelined and ignored when it comes to playing bigger roles in society. In certain communities, girl children are still unwelcome.

          International Women’s Day, celebrated on March 8, is an attempt to raise awareness regarding the equality between genders and the importance of providing an opportunity for women in society. International Women’s Day is a call for change and an occasion to celebrate acts of courage and determination by ordinary women who have played extraordinary roles in the history of their countries and communities.

          In its Agenda for Sustainable Development, the UN has set some important targets for empowering women. It aims to provide all girls and boys free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education.

           Providing access to quality early childhood development, ending all forms of discrimination against women, eliminating all forms of violence against them and putting an end to practices, such as child marriage, are some of the key targets of this agenda.

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                                                                           We are not the only beings in the world, and we are not the lords and masters of the other living organisms around us as well.

              All the animals and plants on our planet have a worth within themselves and they contribute to the ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educational, cultural, recreational and aesthetic aspects of social well-being and sustainable development. Therefore, it is apt to celebrate World Wildlife Day on March 3.

              The theme of the Wildlife Day in 2018 was ‘Big Cats: Predators under threat’. The world’s beautiful, big feline predators are facing various kinds of threats from human activities. Many measures are being taken to arrest their declining population.

             World Wildlife Day provides an opportunity to celebrate the many exquisite and diverse forms of wild animals and plants. Such a day can help raise awareness about the multitude of benefits that conservation of the wild provides to people. However, the day also reminds us of the urgent need to step up the fight against wildlife crime and human-induced reduction of species, which have wide-ranging economic, environmental and social impact.

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          Language is a complex system of codes used for communication between human beings. How many languages do you know? There are persons who can handle many languages with ease. However, for all of them, their favourite language must be their mother tongue! On February 21, we celebrate the International Mother Language Day.

          Language is not merely a set of codes for communication. Every language carries a baggage of complex implications of culture, identity, education and development. They have the ability to preserve and develop our culture and heritage. Due to various political circumstances, certain languages assume more importance than others. For example, the English language is studied around the world because of British colonialism. However, there are innumerable languages in the world that need protection. Studies say that at least 43 per cent of the estimated 6000 languages spoken in the world are endangered and are on the brink of extinction.

          All efforts to preserve mother tongues will result in awareness of and respect for diverse traditions throughout the world and will promote solidarity.

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          All societies seek equality. The idea that all human beings are equal is based on the concept of social justice. For peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among societies and nations, the principle of social justice is an important element. February 20 is celebrated as the World Day of Social Justice.

          The core of social justice is in promoting human dignity. People face inequality in many ways. Economic inequality, gender inequality, racial and caste inequality and inequality in terms of opportunity are some of the ways society is divided. The principles of social justice promote equality on all counts and advocate removing barriers that split society in terms of age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, culture, nationality and disability.

          The UN has constituted an international body called the International Labour Organization for ensuring employment, social protection, social dialogue, and fundamental principles and rights at work. Taking care of the interests of the migrants ranging up to 258 million across the world is another task of the UN.

          Equality is an ideal state and often an impossible dream; however, if states do not strive incessantly towards it, societies will fall apart and disintegrate.

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          Long before the Internet or television was popular, the radio ruled the world! People at home eagerly waited in front of radios for their favourite programme and young people in streets were seen with their ears glued to the machine listening to music! Even today, the radio is considered the mass medium reaching the widest audience in the world. In honour of the radio, we hold February 13 as the World Radio Day.

          Radio is considered a powerful communication tool at a very low cost. The main advantage of the radio is that it is suitable for communities in remote areas. It is also an affordable medium for vulnerable people such as the illiterate, the disabled, women, youth and the poor. It also offers a platform to intervene in the public debate, irrespective of people’s educational level. Radio has a strong and specific role in emergency communication and in disaster relief too.

          An amazing quality of radio is that it has managed to adapt to the changes and challenges of the 21st century. A ubiquitous medium, radio finds a place in homes, workplaces and automobiles.

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          Most societies in the world are patriarchal, meaning that men hold all the power, and women are excluded from the power structure. Traditionally, women have played second fiddle to men in various socio-political and cultural scenarios. While men were the rulers of the land, holders of important jobs and breadwinners for the family, women were mostly confined to the four walls of the home, taking care of children and doing household chores. Many attempts and interventions have been made for bringing about equality between both sexes in the society. February 11 is dedicated to gender equality and celebrated as the International Day for Women and Girls in Science.

           Science is one area where men have been dominating for long. A study conducted in 14 countries indicates that the probability of female students of graduating with a Bachelor’s degree, Master’s degree or Doctor’s degree in science-related field is 18 per cent, 8 per cent and 2 per cent respectively. The study also indicates that in the case of men it is 37 per cent, 18 per cent and 6 per cent. Nations today believe that gender neutrality in science is essential for the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The United Nations declared the International Day solely with the view of ensuring gender equality and empowerment of women and girls in science and technology.

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          Cancer is probably the most dreaded disease in the world today. Statistics claim that about one in six deaths among humans is caused by cancer and that there is hardly any family untouched by the lethal fangs of this deadly disease.

          World Cancer Day, celebrated on February 4, intends to reassure the world that cancer is no longer a death warrant. There is a concerted effort world over to contain the illness, to improve the chances of survival and to enhance quality of life of people living with cancer.

          There is much more the world can do than it is doing now. Dr. Etienne Krug, WHO Director for the Department for Management of Non-communicable Diseases, thinks that nations across the globe should act upon the causes of the disease and prevent them from occurring in the first place.

          Countries should strengthen their health system responses and ensure earlier diagnosis and better access to affordable treatment by qualified personnel, thereby saving millions of lives. One of the best ways of prevention is early detection of the disease.

          The year 2018 was an important year for cancer control as the UN encouraged nations to implement the blueprint of prevention and control of cancer at the Third High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.

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          The world would have been a happier place if certain events had not happened in history. Between 1941 and 1945, when nations were engaged in World War II, Nazi Germany systematically murdered six million Jews in Europe. One of the most heinous genocides in human history, the Holocaust is a sad testimony to the depths of Man’s cruelty and brutality could reach! The world commemorates January 27 as the International Day of Remembrance in Memory of the Victims of the Holocaust.

           The United Nations devised an outreach programme called the United Nations Outreach Programme to tell the world about the need to prevent other instances of such cruelty. The initiative was designed to encourage developing educational curricula on the subject of the Holocaust to mobilize the civil society for education. Many programmes were launched to recall the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and to warn people of the dangers of hatred, bigotry, racism and prejudice.

          A number of activities, including special events, film screenings, discussion papers from leading academics, information materials, partnerships with intergovernmental organizations and many other initiatives were undertaken to encourage awareness about fascism, and the concentration of power in individuals.