Category Science

The earth’s core is believed to consist largely of an iron-nickel alloy. In fact, iron makes up about 5 per cent of the Earth’s crust. Most of the iron in the Earth’s crust is combined with oxygen. Therefore, it is much more difficult to extract iron than other metals like copper.

Iron is extracted from iron ore in a huge steel column called a blast furnace. Coke, limestone and hot air are essential for the extraction of iron from its ore.

The blast furnace is heated by burning coke. When the coke burns, it produces carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide reacts with more coke to produce a gas called carbon monoxide, which in turn reacts with the iron oxide in the iron ore to produce molten iron. The molten iron is then purified using limestone, and allowed to cool in moulds to produce cast iron.

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Some elements are essential for the normal growth and development of plant and animal life. Such elements are known as bioelements.

Plant life will be doomed if copper is not present on Earth. We all know that plants prepare food with the help of chlorophyll. Copper is essential for the production of chlorophyll; without it, the chlorophyll content of leaves would be reduced, turning them yellow. The plant would not be able to bear fruits and would eventually die.

Copper is necessary for animal life and human life too. Copper plays a crucial role in human growth. Copper is essential for bone strength, the maturation of red and white blood cells, cholesterol and glucose metabolism, the contraction of heart muscles, and brain development. Copper deficiency can lead to health problems such as anaemia, heart problems, bone abnormalities and complications in the functioning of the nervous and immune systems.

Your parents encourage you to eat iron-rich foods like spinach, lentils and dry fruits. Some of you might have been advised by doctors to take iron tablets for iron deficiency. But why do we need iron in our diet? Iron is an integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintain good health in human beings and animals. So, all of us are iron boys and iron girls in this way!

Iron is one of the most abundant metals on Earth. This element is essential for plant and animal life. Plants need iron for the formation of chlorophyll, and for respiration. If a person’s blood does not have enough iron in it, he or she will become tired easily and suffer from frequent headaches. In fact, iron is vital for the production of haemoglobin, which gives blood its red hue.

Though it was known that iron has medicinal properties right from ancient times, the presence of iron in human blood was not discovered until the 19th century.

A chemical compound is obtained when two or more chemical elements are combined in definite proportions. The proportion of the elements is defined by weight. Some of the chemical compounds are useful to humankind.

Copper sulphate is one of the most important compounds of copper; it is used to refine copper. Copper sulphate has some agricultural uses as well. It is used as the base for many fungicides and also as an additive in animal feed. Copper oxide is used to make blue or green glazes in pottery. It is also used to colour artificial gems and glass.

Copper chloride is often used as a disinfectant. It is used for dyeing clothes and in textile printing too. Further it is used as a catalyst in many organic and inorganic reactions. While these compounds are useful to humans some of these compounds of copper can cause severe health problems as well.

Not only historical ages, but some revolutions too were named after metals. Here is the story of one such revolution.

In 1662, Russia was in a state of unrest. The people were exhausted after a lengthy war with Poland and Sweden. In addition to that, Russians were faced with frequent crop failures, as a result of which, heavy taxes were imposed by the Czar, or ruler of Russia. It was during this time that the Russian government decided to begin issuing copper money in large quantities instead of silver money, which was already in existence.

The replacement of silver coins was followed by a sharp rise in the prices of bread and other foodstuff. Needless to say, the people of Russia were infuriated by the changing social situations. They rioted in response to the changes on July 25 1662, but the Czar put down the riots with an iron hand. Hundreds of people were killed and thousands were either sent to prison or exiled to Siberia.

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Don’t be surprised to learn that copper has medicinal properties. In fact, copper is used in some of the traditional medicines across the world.

Many forms of copper and copper compounds, such as copper carbonate, copper silicate, copper oxide, copper sulphate and copper chloride were used throughout history for the treatment of disease. In ancient Egypt, copper was used to purify drinking water. Copper was also used to sterilize wounds, the treatment of headaches, trembling of the limbs, burns, and itching. The Greeks used copper for treating leg ulcers associated with varicose veins, while the Romans used it to purge stomach ache and treat ear and eye disorders.

Copper was chosen to make jewellery considering their health benefits. For many years, copper jewellery was worn as a remedy for various ailments, including arthritis. Many scholars across the world are still researching about the healing properties of copper.