Category Science

          Chandrayaan 1 serves as one of the best examples of the successful collaboration between various space research centres around the world. Six out of the eleven payloads were developed in association with the European Space Agency, NASA, and the space agencies of Bulgaria, Sweden and Germany. The other instruments were the result of the fruitful labour and technological expertise of Indian space scientists.

          All the payloads were used to learn more about the composition of the Moon. They performed activities like monitoring the radiations on the lunar surface, searching for water ice, and different types of mappings including chemical mapping, surface mapping and magnetic field mapping.

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          Payloads are the scientific instruments carried aboard in a spacecraft. Chandrayaan 1 went to the Moon carrying a total of eleven instruments- five Indian instruments and six foreign instruments that altogether weighed 90 kilograms.

          The Indian instruments included a Terrain Mapping Camera that captures black and white images to map the topography of the Moon, a Hyper Spectral Imager that would perform mineralogical mapping, and a Lunar Ranging Instrument that would help in determining the height of the surface topography. India also sent a High Energy aj/gamma x-ray spectrometer (HEX), and the Moon Impact Probe developed by the ISRO.

          The instruments from other countries included a Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment (RADOM 7), Moon Mineralogy Mapper, a near infrared spectrometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, a Mini SAR, and the Sub-keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer.

          Though these names sound complicated, all of them were deployed to understand the Moon.

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          On 22, October, 2008, Indians woke up to news that made each one of them proud. India had successfully launched its first mission to the Moon, Chandrayaan 1. This lunar probe was launched by the ISRO from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota with the help of a PSLV C-11 rocket.

          Chandrayaan 1 was an unmanned lunar exploration that included a lunar orbiter and a Moon Impact Probe. It entered the lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. On 14 November, 2008, the Moon Impact Probe separated successfully from the Chandrayaan orbiter and landed on the lunar South Pole. The location of its impact is known as Jawahar Point.

          Though Chandrayaan 1 was intended to survey the surface of the Moon for two years, the ground control lost contact with the probe ten months after its launch. It also had some technical issues like poor thermal shielding and the failure of the star tracker.

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          Like many other countries, India too wanted to send people to the Moon. When Indian scientists worked out the plan for a mission to the Moon, they wanted to design, develop and launch a spacecraft to the Moon using a launch vehicle made in India. This would upgrade India’s technological expertise, provide ample experience of space technology and prepare India for future planetary explorations.

          Chandrayaan 1 aimed at mapping the Moon in terms of minerals, elements and topography that would help in the preparation of a three dimensional atlas of the Moon. It also includes the search for the presence of water and ice on the Moon. Though the contact with the lunar probe was lost after ten months of its launch, Chandrayaan 1 was a grand success; it completed almost all of the major objectives of the mission.

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          India is a major force in space research. In 1975, India launched its first satellite named Aryabhatta. A few years later, our country sent two remote sensing satellites into orbit- Bhaskara I and II in 1979 and 1981 respectively. These satellites were launched to observe the Earth.

          In 1979, India launched a series of satellites named Rohini. Rohini helped our scientists to understand the technology behind the functioning of larger rockets better. Later, India developed its first satellite launch vehicle- SLV 3. On July 18, 1980, SLV 3 made its first launch- the launch of satellite Rohini that weighed 40 kilograms. After SLV 3, India successfully developed PSLV and GSLV.

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          The Indian Space Research Organisation, popularly known as the ISRO heads India’s space research. ISRO is headquartered at Bangalore. K. Sivan currently serves as the chairman of ISRO.

          ISRO aims at harnessing space technology for national development. It was set up 50 years ago in 1969; the same year Neil Armstrong set foot on the Moon. ISRO is credited with the milestones in Indian space research like the first satellite, the first rocket, and the first satellite launch vehicle. The notable achievements of ISRO include the launch of lunar orbiter Chandrayaan 1 launched in 2008, and the Mars Orbiter Mission, also known as Mangalyaan launched in 2013. ISRO recently launched Chandrayaan 2, its second lunar mission. The future endeavours of ISRO include the development of a reusable launch vehicle, human spaceflight, a space station, and a solar spacecraft mission.

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