Category Science

What is advanced animal science?

To establish how effective a drug is it must be tested carefully and accurately and its effect on a living organism meticulously studied and noted. This is the task 0- pharmacology, a science -which has made tremendous advances in less than a century.

The work of pharmacologists is often related to biochemistry, since they study the effects of foreign substances on cells or chemical systems of the body; and to psychiatry, for they also study the effects of drugs on the brain and behaviour.

The most significant stage in the discovery of a new drug is when the active substance that has curative properties is isolated. These substances are then checked for the effect they have on living tissues. This could be dangerous on a human being and even the curative properties of an) drug can prove fatal if they are administered in wrong doses.

To overcome these difficulties scientists carry out their experiments on animals such as dogs, cats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys. Many such animals an sacrificed daily in the laboratories of the world, although most countries have strict laws which forbid the infliction of unnecessary pain on them.

One of the most common experiments is to infect these operations that can be carried out only by skilled craftsmen who pass on their art from one generation to the next.

Not all diamonds can be cut and transformed into elegant stones, The more impure ones and fragments obtained from cutting gems are used in industry, Diamonds are extremely hard and are valuable in cutting or polishing the hardest of metallic alloys.

Another precious stone that is extremely rare and very valuable is the emerald which is a beautiful green colour. Emeralds are usually small. When one is larger than ten carats and free from impurities and faults it is much more valuable than a diamond of the same size. Much of the value of these gems depends on the way they have been cut. The usual way is to cut surfaces or facets on them so that they will refract or break up the light that passes through the stone, The effect is La produce a number of small prisms which breakup me light into the rainbow, Great skill is necessary at every stage of diamond cutting, but especially during faceting, as the angles of the facets must be exact to give the maximum amount of brilliance and to preserve symmetry of the stone.

There are the various ways in which gem stones can be cut: (1) marquise; (2) drop or pendeloque; (3) briolette; (4a) resecut, seen from above; (4b) resecut seen from the side; (5a) flat cabochon, seen from the side; (5b) double cabochon, seen from the side; (6a) brilliant cut, seen from above; (6b) brilliant seen from bottom; (6c) brilliant, side view; (7a) step cut, seen from above; (7b) step cut, seen from bottom; (7c) step cut, side view.

The upper part of the faceted gem is called the crown and the lower is called the base or pavilion.

 

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How penguins hatch their eggs?

During the mating season penguins gather together by the tens of thousands along the coasts of Antarctica. The female penguins lay one or two eggs which they place in a hollow in the ground. They take turns with the male penguin to sit on the eggs, clutching them tightly between their legs and their downy stomachs.

With the eggs covered like this, the penguins can still move from place to place although they look extremely odd when they do so. When the female is sitting on the eggs, the male bird feeds her. He continues to do so for a time after the young birds are hatched.

There are seventeen species of penguins. They vary in height from 40 centimeters to more than a metre. They all live in the southern hemisphere and go on long migratory swims to escape severely cold weather.

 

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Do you know how beehives are organized?

A large beehive can contain up to 80,000 bees but there is never any danger that such a vast number of insects will lead to confusion or chaos.

There is only one queen in a hive and her sole task is to keep on lying eggs. There are several hundred male bees, known as drones, who do not work except fertilize the eggs. But as soon as a new queen is born these drones though incapable of lying eggs.

The worker bees form the overwhelming majorityof the population of a beehive and collect all the nectar and pollen.

Bees suck the nectar from the flower through a special nosetube and then carry it in a sack which contains up to 50 milligrams. The pollen is carried contains up to 50 milligrams. The pollen is carried in two little baskets on the bee’s hind legs. The worker bee delivers these ingredients and other worker bees in the hive mix them together into a sort paste which is fed to the larvae so that they will develop into adult insects.

 

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How the earthworm digs its tunnels?

Earthworms cannot stand dry conditions in the soil: their bodies must always be in contact with damp earth and even a few minutes’ exposure to the sunlight makes them dry up and die.

Earthworms spend most of their lives digging tunnels in the soil. It is quite surprising how they can burrow their way into even hard ground simply by using the strength of their muscles, for earthworms do not have any special physical equipment for digging.

They contract and expand in a rhythmic manner to force an aperture in the ground and then they push on with their head.

The earthworm then expels the ‘digested’ soil and leaves it as a worm-cast. It has been estimated that the yearly deposition above ground of soil by earthworms is between 7 and 16 tons per acre in England. Earthworms can grow up to 15 centimetres or more in length. In tropical countries some earthworms are as long as 2 metres.

 

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How turtles swim?

It seems impossible that tortoises that move in such a slow, cumbersome manner should have relatives that swim fast through the ocean. Turtles, which very closely resemble tortoises, are sometimes as quick as fish in moving through the ocean. Turtles, which very closely resemble tortoises, are sometimes as quick as fish in moving through the water, despite their heavy shell.

These turtles can weight up to 250 kilogrammes but they have adapted wonderfully to aquatic life. Through living in the sea for millions of years, their bodies have become streamlined and their paws have turned into flippers. Turtles come ashore only to lay their eggs. They drag themselves on to deserted beaches where they dig holes for their eggs.

Their home is the sea and that is where they find their food. Turtleseat meat or plants according to their species. The meat of the turtle itself is regarded as a delicacy, especially the green turtle of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.

The scientific name of turtles is Chelonia and they belong to the reptile class.

 

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What is a difference between seals and sealions?

Many varieties of seals live beyond the Arctic Circle. All these animals have short necks and no external ears. It is this latter feature that distinguishes true seals from sealions which have prominent ears.

Seals range in size from the little fresh-water seal of Siberia, about one metre long, to the enormous sea elephant of the subantarctic regions, which can grow to 6 meters in length.

The most common type of seal, however, grows to a length of just over 2 metres. Its fur is brown or yellowish with dark patches. The seal’s hind legs are part of its tail and cannot its body along in a clumsy manner when on land.

On the ice the animal is not awkward and it slides along for considerable distances. But the seal’s true element is the sea for this animal is an extremely skilful swimmer and dives at the slightest sign of danger.

 

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